Dark circles refer to the discoloration or darkening of the skin under the eyes. They can make a person appear tired or aged. Several factors contribute to the formation of dark circles, including:

Genetics: Some people are naturally predisposed to dark circles, as it can run in families.
Lack of Sleep: Not getting enough rest can cause the skin to become paler, making blood vessels more noticeable.
Aging: As you age, the skin around your eyes becomes thinner, and the fat that supports the skin reduces, making dark circles more apparent.
Allergies: Allergic reactions can trigger inflammation and increased blood flow in the area, which darkens the skin.
Dehydration: Insufficient water intake can make your skin appear dull and more prone to dark circles.
Sun Exposure: Excessive sun exposure can increase melanin production, darkening the skin under your eyes.
How to Reduce or Remove Dark Circles:
Get Enough Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your skin hydrated.
Use Cold Compress: Applying a cold compress or chilled tea bags can reduce puffiness and constrict blood vessels, which helps lighten dark circles.
Eye Creams: Use eye creams with ingredients like vitamin C, caffeine, retinol, or hyaluronic acid, which can brighten the under-eye area and reduce puffiness.
Sunscreen: Protect your skin from sun exposure to prevent worsening of dark circles.
Address Allergies: If your dark circles are caused by allergies, consider using antihistamines to reduce inflammation.
Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins, especially vitamin K and C, can promote healthy skin and help lighten dark circles.
Concealers: While not a permanent solution, makeup concealers can temporarily hide dark circles.
In more severe cases, treatments like chemical peels, laser therapy, or fillers may be recommended by dermatologists.
ways to reduce dark circles under eyes permanently
Removal.
Sleep.
Cold therapy.
Caffeine.
Avoiding sun.
Treating allergies.
Vitamin C.
Vitamin K.

Here are some tips for reducing dark circles:

* Get enough sleep:  Lack of sleep is a major contributor to dark circles. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night.
* Stay hydrated:  Drinking plenty of water helps flush out toxins and improve circulation, which can reduce the appearance of dark circles.
* Cold compress:  Applying a cold compress to the under-eye area can help reduce inflammation and constrict blood vessels, minimizing the appearance of dark circles.
* Use a cucumber:  Cucumber slices are a natural remedy for dark circles. The coolness of the cucumber can help reduce puffiness and the cucumber's antioxidants can help brighten the skin.
* Use a concealer:  A good concealer can help cover up dark circles and make them less noticeable.

Remember, these are just tips and may not work for everyone. If you're concerned about dark circles, consult with a dermatologist.